Symbols Above Single Vowel Letters and Vowel-Letter Combinations
Three high-frequency primary marks
- Horizontal line (─): open-sound mark — pronounce the letter sound of the marked vowel letter
- Empty mark (∅): closed-sound mark — pronounce the closed sound corresponding to that vowel letter
- Dot (⦁): light-sound mark — always pronounced as the light sound /i/
- Ring (○): weak-sound mark — always pronounced as the weak sound /ǝ/
Three low-frequency secondary marks
- Tilde (∼): long-sound mark
- Backslash (∖): changed-sound mark
- Caret (˄): /ʌ/-sound mark (pronounced /ʌ/)
Marks Above a Few Consonant Letters
- No mark (∅): the first, most common pronunciation
- Dot (⦁): the second, less common pronunciation
- Tilde (∼): the third, least common pronunciation
Double-Struck Letters Represent Silent Letters
𝕒 𝕓 𝕔 𝕕 𝕖 𝕗 𝕘 𝕙 𝕚 𝕛 𝕜 𝕝 𝕞 𝕟 𝕠 𝕡 𝕢 𝕣 𝕤 𝕥 𝕦 𝕧 𝕨 𝕩 𝕪 𝕫
𝔸 𝔹 ℂ 𝔻 𝔼 𝔽 𝔾 ℍ 𝕀 𝕁 𝕂 𝕃 𝕄 ℕ 𝕆 ℙ ℚ ℝ 𝕊 𝕋 𝕌 𝕍 𝕎 𝕏 𝕐 ℤ
